The oldest of all the witnesses to Jesus are some of the epistles of Paul, from roughly 51-58 AD. These mention Jesus' mother (without naming her), but never refer to his father. Joseph first appears in the Genealogy of Jesus, which appears only in the Matthew and Luke. Luke names Joseph's own father as Eli, but Matthew names him as Jacob, in keeping with that gospel's depiction of Jesus as a second Moses.[3] This theme is developed further in the infancy narratives, which, like the genealogies, have the function of establishing Jesus as the promised Messiah, the descendant of David, born in Bethlehem. Like the genealogies the infancy narratives appear only in Matthew and Luke, and take different approaches to reconciling the requirement that the Messiah be born in Bethlehem with the tradition that Jesus came from Nazareth. In Matthew, Joseph, already living in Bethlehem, obeys the direction of an angel to marry Mary and then to flee to Egypt to escape the massacre of the children of Bethlehem planned by Herod the Great, the tyrant who rules Judea.[9] Once Herod has died, the angel tells him to return to the land of Israel, but to Galilee instead of to Bethlehem, and so Joseph takes his wife and the child to
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